Radioactive Power Cells Derived from Nuclear Waste Target Decades‑Long Drone Operations

Researchers are developing ultra‑lightweight power cells that could keep drones and satellites operating for years by converting radiation from recycled nuclear waste directly into electricity. Under DARPA’s “Rads to Watts” initiative, a $3.37 million contract is funding a prototype that must deliver more than 10 watts per kilogram with a multi‑year shelf life.

Project Omega, led by CEO Stafford Sheehan, describes its radioisotope power sources as mini‑generators that replace conventional batteries. “Solar cells directly convert sunlight into electricity…Our systems directly convert radiation into electricity,” Sheehan explained. Early prototypes are already functional, and devices meeting the DARPA performance targets are expected to emerge in early 2024.

The program involves Morgan State University as prime contractor for basic research, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) for nuclear material handling and testing, and Northrop Grumman and ARA for computational modeling to verify performance. Project Omega will fabricate the nuclear power generator using isotopes extracted from nuclear waste, while Widetronix designs the semiconductor power converter. The goal is a working prototype at PNNL by early 2027.

Potential applications extend beyond military drones to any system where battery longevity is critical. In space, for example, a loss of power means loss of the satellite; long‑lasting power cells could provide essential redundancy. The technology draws on isotopes separated from spent fuel—over 100,000 metric tons of waste currently stored at U.S. reactor sites—turning them into usable power sources while addressing the federal government’s mounting disposal challenges.

Omega’s solid‑state power cells consist of a compact isotope “chunk” layered with semiconductor material to generate power, operating reliably in extreme temperatures. The project uses strontium‑90, a less hazardous isotope than the plutonium‑238 traditionally employed in radioisotope power systems, making it more suitable for widespread deployment.

The development coincides with growing Pentagon demand for durable, high‑energy drone platforms and increased battlefield power generation. Over the next 18 months, the program will focus on reducing technical risk, validating performance under realistic conditions, improving conversion efficiency, ensuring long‑term reliability, managing radiation effects, and guaranteeing safe handling and deployment, according to a PNNL statement.

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