In 2024, Paul Scharre and Michael Depp argued that adding artificial intelligence to the nuclear chain of command brings both opportunities and risks. Two years later, as AI becomes more embedded in military systems, we revisited their analysis.
Today, AI integration in nuclear operations remains a lower priority for the Department of Defense compared with other AI applications such as planning, intelligence analysis, operations, and administrative functions. While progress continues—particularly in cybersecurity for nuclear NC3—most AI efforts focus on broader defense needs. Recent Pentagon operations have already leveraged AI for intelligence analysis and operational planning, including missions related to Iran.
Internationally, modest advances have been made toward reaffirming human control over nuclear weapons. In November 2024, China publicly agreed with the United States that humans must retain ultimate authority over nuclear weapon use, marking a important step toward restraint. Nonetheless, significant work remains to ensure robust human oversight across all nuclear-armed states.
