Zhang Jianxin watches shoppers fist-bump with a gyrating, humanoid robot at his showroom in the southern Chinese city of Guangzhou.
“This is the future,” says Mr. Zhang, a technical director for the top-ranked Chinese robotics firm AgiBot, gesturing toward the four-foot-tall mannequin billed as friendly, agile, and intelligent.
He then nods toward another shelf holding a pedestrian, floor-scrubbing bot that resembles a wastebasket. “This,” he says, “is right now.”
China is betting heavily on humanoid robots, which the nation’s technology leaders view as critical agents in the race to achieve artificial general intelligence (AGI) — an AI system with human-level reasoning and agency. AgiBot’s charismatic X2 model exemplifies that push and helped the company secure more than a dozen gold medals at the World Humanoid Robot Games in Beijing this week.
China’s strategy centers on a concept called “embodied AI,” where hardware such as robots, drones, and vehicles are integrated with artificial intelligence. Just as a human body facilitates learning, the idea is that these dynamic agents, by interacting with the physical environment, can achieve a more holistic form of intelligence. In contrast, the United States and Europe are mainly relying on large language models (LLMs) trained on vast text datasets to pursue AGI.
Ann Scott Tyson/The Christian Science Monitor
Zhang Jianxin, a technical director for the top-ranked Chinese robotics firm AgiBot, says humanoid robots are the future, in Guangzhou, China, April 15, 2026.
“China believes you can only go so far with artificial intelligence if you are dealing only with text and other abstractions of language,” says William Hannas, lead analyst at the Center for Security and Emerging Technology at Georgetown University and co-author of a recent report on China’s embodied AI policy.
China Excels in Hardware
China boasts an estimated 140 humanoid robot manufacturers that dominate more than 90% of global sales. Shipments are expected to more than triple to 50,000 units this year, up from roughly 13,000 last year, according to U.S. financial firm Morgan Stanley.
Chinese buyers are snapping up the vast majority of those humanlike robots.
“It’s a huge industry in China,” says Mr. Hannas. “They are eons ahead of us.”
Even in China, however, humanoid robots have far to go, says Mr. Zhang, whose company shipped more humanoid robots — 9,700 — than any other manufacturer in the first half of this year, according to Hong Kong-based Counterpoint Research.
“We need AI technology improvements,” says Mr. Zhang. “The hardware is good — the software isn’t there yet.”
Robots can help with that, too.
The Need for Data
Inside the headquarters of UBTech Robotics, one of China’s largest humanoid robot firms, a silver-and-black mannequin picks up a box, stomps across the floor, and mechanically places it on a shelf. It operates at about 30% of a human worker’s efficiency, with the goal of reaching 50% this year — and every box handled helps.
Ann Scott Tyson/The Christian Science Monitor
Michael Tam, chief brand officer of UBTech, a Chinese humanoid robot manufacturer, introduces the company’s Walker robot, designed to operate in factories, in Shenzhen, China, April 16, 2026.
Located in the heart of Shenzhen’s “robot valley” across the border from Hong Kong, UBTech is pioneering the mass production of humanoid robots for industrial use.
Michael Tam, chief brand officer, says the company deployed more than 1,000 industrial robots in factories last year. This year, the goal is 10,000. Each of those robots will collect much-needed data to design better, faster, more humanlike machines.
Today’s data shortage, coupled with high training costs, constitutes “the biggest … bottleneck in the [humanoid robot] industry,” the state-run Xinhua News Agency reported last year.
Mr. Tam agrees.
“More humanoid robots used in different industries means more data coming in,” he says, adding that physical data gathered by the robots is “crucial” to achieving AGI.
“As the best forms of embodied AI, humanoid robots would help collect data,” and that, in turn, would ultimately enable robot “brains” to “understand our real world,” he says.
State-Backed Bots
Beijing’s policymakers support this plan. In June, they issued a directive mandating that local authorities and state-owned firms test and incorporate embodied AI in manufacturing, logistics, retail, and other economic sectors.
The government is also promoting large-scale “data collection factories” to boost AI models.
Ann Scott Tyson/The Christian Science Monitor
At China Southern Power Grid’s Power Operation Data Collection Zone, human workers use remote-control devices to train robots and gather data necessary for the industry to advance, in Guangzhou, China, April 16, 2026.
Sprawling facilities are springing up in cities and provinces across China — including Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan, Tianjin, Anhui, and Fujian — as local governments and manufacturing firms join forces to train humanoid robots. These centers buy the robots, and human workers use controllers, cameras, and other tools to direct them in specific actions. They then sell whatever data they gather back to the manufacturers.
The approach differs from UBTech’s one-task-at-a-time method of building more capable machines through clearly defined factory work such as box lifting. But these centers ultimately serve the same purpose: gathering the data necessary to push China toward AGI.
China’s focus on humanoid robots and embodied AI still faces obstacles. The U.S. in July banned imports of new humanoid and quadruped (four-legged) robots made in China and other foreign countries, citing national security threats.
The main hurdle, however, is commercial, says Alan Fern, director of the Dynamic Robotics and AI Laboratory and professor of engineering at Oregon State University.
Despite China’s significant investments, “there are tons of companies trying to stay alive” and many will likely fail, he says, especially given the risk of overproduction and price wars.
So far, the business model for humanoid robots is “based on hope,” says Dr. Fern. But if China’s bots keep marching forward, he says, the effort might pay off.
