Southern Lebanon: Life in the Shadow of Occupation

Naqoura, Lebanon | November 6, 2026, 2:17 p.m. ET | 5-minute read

The last time Carolina Rizkallah opened the door to her family restaurant in southern Lebanon was early this year. She was not returning to work. She had come to feed the stray cats.

Chez Samir, named after her late father, had once served grilled fish in the Mediterranean town of Naqoura, just two miles from the Israeli border. Fighting between Israel and Hezbollah had driven Rizkallah from her hometown, and going back was dangerous.

When she arrived, Rizkallah says, two strange men were there—along with her feline dependents.

“‘Carolina, come inside. We need to speak with you,’” she recalls the men saying to her. “‘Where are you going? Come back, come back,’” they shouted as she fled.

Rizkallah, now in the city of Tyre, says she still does not know whether the men who startled her were Hezbollah or Israeli. She never made it back to the restaurant. A photograph sent to her later confirmed that Chez Samir, like nearly every other building in town, had been reduced to a pile of rubble.

She never saw those cats again.

Oliver Marsden/File

Carolina Rizkallah stands in the kitchen of her restaurant, Chez Samir, in Naqoura, Lebanon, in 2024, before it was destroyed by the Israeli military during fighting with Hezbollah in 2026.

The Monitor was granted rare access to Naqoura, whose population of around 4,000 is now gone. The Israeli military carried out much of the destruction here. Israeli troops patrol the ruins and run a command post out of the old Reve de La Mer Hotel, festooned with anti-drone nets and Israeli flags.

Naqoura’s only other residents, holed up in their headquarters, are members of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon. U.N. peacekeepers have been deployed in southern Lebanon since 1978, when Israel first invaded the country. In August 2025, under pressure from the U.S. and Israel, the U.N. Security Council voted to end UNIFIL’s mission on December 31, 2026. That is when U.N. forces will begin withdrawing from Lebanon.

An open-ended occupation

Israeli troops show no signs of leaving anytime soon. A UNIFIL official says the Israel Defense Forces has set up dozens of new positions since a ceasefire deal with Hezbollah was reached on June 19. Local people worry that with no one on the ground watching what is happening, the place they have known as home could be lost forever.

Over the last two years, Israel’s military has extended its reach into southern Lebanon, now occupying more than 230 square miles of territory from the coast near Naqoura eastward to Mount Hermon, on the border with Syria, according to experts at the Carnegie Middle East Center in Beirut. Most of this stretch of land has been transformed into wasteland.

Oliver Marsden

A UNIFIL armored personnel carrier drives south toward Naqoura along the main coastal highway in Israeli-occupied southern Lebanon, Oct. 23, 2026.

Ahmad Baydoun, an independent conflict researcher, counts 73 villages inside the area of southern Lebanon occupied by Israel. Most were inhabited by Shiite Muslims. In a recent interview, Israeli Defense Minister Israel Katz said 60 villages had been destroyed by the military.

Israel says this is necessary to eliminate Hezbollah infrastructure, tunnels, and weapons caches—and to prevent Hezbollah from regrouping just across from Israel’s border.

UNIFIL continues to operate in the area, report ceasefire violations by both sides, and provide aid to the few Christian villages still inhabited in the Israeli-controlled zone. Residents displaced from southern Lebanon say they have lost homes, livelihoods, and loved ones.

“I have nothing. No family. No one. Zero,” Ms. Rizkallah says, sipping coffee and looking out toward the Mediterranean. “No relatives and no financial support from anybody. Will I reopen my restaurant? I cannot answer that.”

The future of southern Lebanon, in no small measure, will be decided beyond the small country’s borders. Israel just held national elections, and no matter what the next government in Jerusalem looks like, the Israeli military’s plans for Lebanon are far from clear, experts say.

Michael Milshtein, a senior analyst at the Moshe Dayan Centre of Tel Aviv University, sees no “strategy or long-term [Israeli] policy in southern Lebanon. They have been stuck in the same situation zone with no war for almost half a year. A twilight zone.”

Dr. Milshtein, who is also a reserve officer in the Israeli military, says that Washington will ultimately determine Lebanon’s future.

“It will be Donald Trump. And the main question is what the White House will demand, or what the White House will want, from Israel.”

The planned departure of UNIFIL from southern Lebanon is making people here anxious. Residents say that, without an independent observer force, the Israeli military will have a free hand to carry out more demolitions and extend its occupation.

The end of a U.N. mandate

Driving south toward Naqoura, the coastal road is lined with blue-and-white Israeli flags. Two new yellow security gates block part of the highway. There is a new electronic buoy at sea as well. Inside the town, UNIFIL staff members pointed out U.N. security cameras that they say were sabotaged by the Israeli military.

Oliver Marsden

UNIFIL force commander, Maj. Gen. Diodato Abagnara stands near flags of participating nations at the UNIFIL headquarters in Naqoura, Lebanon, Oct. 23, 2026.

Maj. Gen. Diodato Abagnara, UNIFIL’s top commander based in Naqoura, says U.N. peacekeepers carry out vital work here.

“It’s very important to maintain some important functions delivered by UNIFIL during the last years,” he says. “The de-confliction liaison. The humanitarian support. Our ability to support the Lebanese armed forces.”

Israel has long accused U.N. peacekeepers of failing to prevent Hezbollah from arming itself. European governments have said they are willing to send peacekeeping troops to Lebanon, but only under a U.N. mandate.

“To be honest, my perception is at this moment, Israel wants to avoid any imminent threat,” says General Abagnara. “And so they want to maintain control.”

The Lebanese government has taken steps to force Hezbollah to give up its weapons, but the Iran-backed Shiite militant group says it will only disarm after Israel leaves Lebanon. Israel says it will not leave until Hezbollah disarms. Residents of southern Lebanon such as Carolina Rizkallah are left with a catch-22 situation: unable to plan for their future, and fearing another outbreak of war.

“Thousands and thousands and thousands of people died, and thousands of people relocated, including me who has lost everything,” she says angrily. “And the problem is we might repeat this after a few years … this is insane.”

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