The control of the Strait of Hormuz has led to escalating clashes between Iran and the United States, risking the collapse of their fragile memorandum of understanding (MoU). Both nations have accused each other of breaching the agreement, with particular focus on Article 5, which mandates safe passage for commercial vessels.
Recent incidents, including drone and missile attacks, have intensified the conflict. The U.S. claimed to target Iranian military sites in response to strikes on its assets, while Iran cited alleged violations of the MoU by American forces.
What Does Article 5 of the MoU State?
Article 5 explicitly requires Iran to reopen the strait for commercial traffic, remove technical and military obstacles, and collaborate with Oman and other Gulf states to manage maritime services. It also specifies that Iran is responsible for demining the area within 30 days.
Tehran’s enforcement of a blockade, following the U.S.-Israeli conflict, has stranded hundreds of ships. The agreement allows Iran to charge tolls, a proposal rejected by the U.S. and Gulf nations. Iran maintains that full control of the strait rests with it until all obstacles are removed, a stance opposed by Washington.
Are the Two Sides Interpreting the MoU Differently?
Experts suggest diverging interpretations. Iranian officials argue the U.S. is undermining the agreement, while American officials claim Iran is obstructing compliance. Analysts note Iran views the strait as a strategic deterrent against U.S. aggression, whereas the U.S. and Gulf states emphasize freedom of navigation.
The U.S. has proposed alternative shipping routes through Oman’s waters, a move Iran rejected. Recent attacks on commercial vessels, such as the Singapore-flagged *Ever Lovely* and Panama-flagged *Kiku*, have further strained relations. Iran’s IRGC warned ships to use only its designated northern route, forcing others to alter courses or return.
What Have the U.S. and Iran Said on the Latest Attacks?
Iran’s foreign ministry condemned U.S. strikes as “a blatant violation” of the UN Charter and the MoU. Iran’s IRGC launched missiles and drones at U.S. bases in response to attacks on its coastal facilities. The U.S. justified its actions as necessary to enforce the ceasefire agreement, with President Trump warning of “military completion of the job” if Iran continues aggression.
