World leaders are convening in New York on Tuesday for the United Nations General Assembly’s annual high-level debate, where armed conflicts, climate change, economic pressures, and rapid advances in artificial intelligence are set to dominate a packed week of diplomacy.
Approximately 130 heads of state and government are expected to address the assembly, confronting ongoing wars in Iran, Gaza, Ukraine, Sudan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Myanmar, while grappling with what the UN can realistically do to resolve them.
Climate shocks, widening inequality, and disruptions to global trade will also be high priorities, as blocked shipping routes and strained supply chains drive up prices and dampen growth.
Meanwhile, the rapid development of artificial intelligence has emerged as a major concern, amid warnings about the absence of international safeguards for increasingly powerful technology.
The gathering arrives at a difficult moment for the United Nations itself. Now in its 81st year, the organization faces financial pressures, renewed calls for reform, and questions over whether its institutions still reflect the balance of power in the 21st century.
The UN’s 193 member states have agreed to a broad reform package that includes efforts to update institutions such as the Security Council, where the United States, Russia, China, Britain, and France remain the five permanent members with veto powers.
Translating those commitments into concrete changes, however, has proved far more difficult.
Pressure on the UN
US President Donald Trump and French President Emmanuel Macron are among the leading figures due to speak on Tuesday, following UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres’s opening address on the state of the world.
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky and Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian are scheduled to speak on Wednesday. Pezeshkian is due to travel to New York, although Iranian state media reported on Monday that the United States had refused visas to members of his communications team.
Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is scheduled to address the assembly on Thursday. Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas will speak by video the same day after the United States refused him a visa for a second consecutive year.
Several other major leaders will also be absent. Chinese President Xi Jinping, Russian President Vladimir Putin, and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi are not expected to attend.
France’s UN ambassador Jérôme Bonnafont said the gathering remained an important opportunity for countries to demonstrate their support for the organization at a time of deep international divisions.
“We believe in multilateralism,” he said, adding that high-level week was an opportunity for countries to reaffirm that they preferred “cooperation and dialogue to confrontation”.
Finances and reform
It has been a difficult year for the UN, whose influence has often appeared limited in efforts to halt major conflicts in the Middle East and Ukraine.
Financial problems have also forced cuts to peacekeeping operations and humanitarian aid.
The United States recently paid $725 million towards its UN dues, easing some of the immediate pressure and signalling that Washington intends to remain engaged with the organization.
Richard Gowan, director of the International Crisis Group’s programme on global issues and institutions, said the UN was no longer in the “freefall” it faced a year ago, but remained trapped in a prolonged crisis.
“The UN may not be in emergency care like it was last year,” he said, “but it does seem to be trapped in a trauma centre for the foreseeable future.”
Attention is also turning towards who will replace Guterres when his second five-year term ends on 31 December. No clear successor has yet emerged, adding another layer of uncertainty over the future direction of the organization.
AI moves up the agenda
Alongside war and diplomacy, artificial intelligence is becoming one of the week’s most closely watched issues.
The speed of recent advances has prompted growing concern over the lack of industry controls or global rules governing the most powerful AI systems.
Days before the gathering, leaders of three major AI companies warned about the possibility of the technology moving beyond human control and called for a pause in development.
Trump dismissed those concerns and urged continued advances to ensure the United States maintained its technological lead over China.
The Security Council has added a high-level meeting on AI to its agenda for Wednesday afternoon, after a separate meeting on Ukraine attended by Zelensky earlier in the day.
Climate change will also feature prominently during the week, alongside discussions on rising sea levels, education, and gender equality.
For Guterres, it will be his final General Assembly high-level week as secretary-general.
Previewing his address, he said power was shifting in “an era of deep uncertainty” and argued that international cooperation was becoming more important rather than less.
Away from the assembly hall, hundreds of bilateral meetings will take place in UN offices, diplomatic missions, hotels, and restaurants across New York.
Esther Brimmer, a senior fellow in global governance at the Council on Foreign Relations and former US assistant secretary of state, said such face-to-face encounters could still lay the groundwork for agreements reached months later.
She described the global situation in 2026 as “much more serious and complex than in decades past”, but added that there was still reason for hope.
“Over the past decades,” she said, “we’ve learned a lot about international cooperation.”
(with newswires)
