Pakistan’s Capital Punishment Debate: Reconciling Islamic Principles with Human Rights

Around the world, 47 countries retain capital punishment, including Pakistan. Barrister Sarah Belal, founder of Justice Project Pakistan, advocates for abolishing the death penalty while operating in a nation that upholds Islamic law. RFI interviewed her in Paris.

Issued on: 11/07/2026 – 12:57

RFI: As a barrister working in an Islamic state, how do you reconcile opposing the death penalty?

Sarah Belal: I don’t see these as conflicting. Islam does not mandate the death penalty; it permits it only for the most severe crimes. The Quran specifies it for intentional killing and Fasad-Fil-Arz (violent crimes), aligning with international human rights standards. However, Pakistan’s legal system often fails to uphold these high evidentiary standards, allowing perjury and injustice in courts.

RFI: With no executions since 2019, what does this indicate about Pakistan’s justice direction?

SB: This pause suggests progress. Governments recognize systemic flaws in who is executed and are attempting reforms. A robust justice system is essential before imposing ultimate punishment, especially in a country facing economic and governance challenges.

The pause highlights contradictions: while society shows resilience, citizens distrust government accountability—even in life-or-death decisions.

RFI: What are the most common offenses leading to death sentences?

SB: Murder and Anti-Terrorism Act violations dominate. These cases often involve systemic failures in due process.

RFI: Why did you establish Justice Project Pakistan in 2009?

SB: A death row prisoner’s letter moved me. Zulfiqar, sentenced to execution, educated himself and others while awaiting death. His execution in 2015, despite 600 prisoners writing mercy petitions, underscored the need for systemic change. He remains my inspiration.

RFI: Any case that stayed with you?

SB: Zulfiqar is central, but Azam and Munawar—juveniles wrongfully convicted for decades—symbolize systemic failures. Their socio-economic vulnerability led to inadequate legal representation, prolonging their suffering.

Prison systems in Pakistan, lacking rehabilitation, exacerbate trauma. Women in prison often face drug charges out of desperation, not criminal intent. The state prioritizes new prisons over social services, ignoring justice’s human dimension.

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